next solver: provisional cache
this adds the cache removed in #115843. However, it should now correctly track whether a provisional result depends on an inductive or coinductive stack.
While working on this, I was using the following doc: https://hackmd.io/VsQPjW3wSTGUSlmgwrDKOA. I don't think it's too helpful to understanding this, but am somewhat hopeful that the inline comments are more useful.
There are quite a few future perf improvements here. Given that this is already very involved I don't believe it is worth it (for now). While working on this PR one of my few attempts to significantly improve perf ended up being unsound again because I was not careful enough ✨
r? `@compiler-errors`
2b1365b34f