Infer async closure signature from (old-style) two-part `Fn` + `Future` bounds
When an async closure is passed to a function that has a "two-part" `Fn` and `Future` trait bound, like:
```rust
use std::future::Future;
fn not_exactly_an_async_closure(_f: F)
where
F: FnOnce(String) -> Fut,
Fut: Future<Output = ()>,
{}
```
The we want to be able to extract the signature to guide inference in the async closure, like:
```rust
not_exactly_an_async_closure(async |string| {
for x in string.split('\n') { ... }
//~^ We need to know that the type of `string` is `String` to call methods on it.
})
```
Closure signature inference will see two bounds: `<?F as FnOnce<Args>>::Output = ?Fut`, `<?Fut as Future>::Output = String`. We need to extract the signature by looking through both projections.
### Why?
I expect the ecosystem's move onto `async Fn` trait bounds (which are not affected by this PR, and already do signature inference fine) to be slow. In the mean time, I don't see major overhead to supporting this "old–style" of trait bounds that were used to model async closures.
r? oli-obk
Fixes#127468Fixes#127425
72199b2c52